|
Operation Totalize (also spelled "Operation Totalise" in some more recent British sources) was an offensive launched by Allied troops of the First Canadian Army during the later stages of Operation Overlord, from 8 to 13 August 1944. The intention was to break through the German defences south of Caen on the eastern flank of the Allied positions in Normandy and exploit success by driving south to capture the high ground north of the city of Falaise. The overall goal was to precipitate the collapse of the entire German front, and cut off the retreat of German forces fighting American and British armies further west. The battle is considered the inaugural operation of the First Canadian Army, which had been formally activated on 23 July.〔 In the early hours of 8 August 1944, II Canadian Corps launched the attack using mechanized infantry. They broke through the German front lines and captured vital positions deep in the German defences. It was intended that two fresh armoured divisions would continue the attack, but some hesitancy by these two comparatively inexperienced divisions and German armoured counter-attacks slowed the offensive. Having advanced , the Allies were halted north of Falaise, and forced to prepare a fresh attack.〔 ==Background== Caen had been an objective of the British forces assaulting Sword Beach on D-Day.〔Van der Vat, p. 110〕 However, the German defences were strongest in this sector, and most of the German reinforcements sent to Normandy were committed to the defence of the city.〔Bercuson, p. 215〕 Positional warfare ensued for the next six weeks. Several attempts by British and Canadian forces to capture Caen were unsuccessful until 9 July, when all of the city, north of the Orne River, was captured during Operation Charnwood. Between 18 July and 20 July, British forces launched Operation Goodwood to outflank the city to the east and south, while Canadian forces mounted Operation Atlantic to cross the Orne River and clear the remaining portions of the city. Although Operation Goodwood was halted with heavy tank losses, the two operations ultimately secured a bridgehead wide and deep south of the Orne.〔Van Der Vat, p. 157〕 The Germans still held the commanding terrain of the Verrières Ridge, south of the city. The repeated British and Canadian attacks launched around Caen (in part to distract the Germans from the western part of the front,〔Van der Vat, p. 161〕 where the First United States Army was preparing to break out of the Allied lodgement) had caused the Germans to defend Verrières ridge with some of their strongest and most determined formations, including elements of three SS Panzer divisions of the I SS Panzer Corps.〔 Within 48 hours of the end of Operation Goodwood, the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division launched an attack against the "formidable" German defences on Verrières Ridge.〔Bercuson, p. 222〕 They suffered over 1,300 casualties and territorial gains were minimal. From 25 July to 27 July, another attempt was made to take the ridge as part of Operation Spring. Poor execution〔Reid, p. 52〕 resulted in around 1,500 Canadian casualties.〔Stacey, p. 194〕 In total, the Battle of Verrières Ridge had claimed upwards of 2,800 Canadian casualties.〔Zuehlke, pp. 166–168〕 While the ridge remained in German hands,〔Bercuson, p. 226〕 the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division had gained a foothold on the ridge between the village of Verrières to St.Martin-de-Fontenay, which would allow the troops to assemble free of German observation while they prepared to launch Totalize.〔Reid, p. 57〕 Also on 25 July the Americans launched their breakout offensive, Operation Cobra, which gained immediate success.〔Wilmot, pp.390–392〕 By the end of the third day of the operation, American forces had advanced south of the Cobra start line at several points.〔Wilmot, p. 393〕 On 30 July, American forces captured Avranches, at the base of the Cotentin peninsula. The German left flank was now open and within 24 hours, units of the United States Third Army had entered Brittany and began advancing south and west through open country almost without opposition.〔Wilmot, p. 394〕 Three German Panzer divisions—the 1st SS, 9th SS and 116th—were shifted westward from Verrières Ridge to face this new threat.〔 British General Bernard Montgomery (commanding the ground forces in Normandy) now wanted an attack on the eastern flank of the front to capture Falaise, intending that such a move would precipitate a general German collapse.〔Wilmot, p. 410〕 The First Canadian Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Harry Crerar, held this part of the Allied front. It consisted of the British I Corps, responsible for the extreme eastern flank of the Allied lines, and II Canadian Corps south of Caen.〔 Canadian II Corps, which was to launch Operation Totalize, was commanded by Lieutenant General Guy Simonds and consisted of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division, 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division,〔Delaforce, p. 138〕 51st (Highland) Infantry Division, 4th Canadian (Armoured) Division, 1st Polish Armoured Division, 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade and the British 33rd Armoured Brigade.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Operation Totalize」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|